Flexibilidad psicológica y autoabandono del tabaco / Smoking self-quitting and psychological flexibility

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The prevalence of smoking in the general population remains high in spite of the extended acknowledgement of the well-documented health consequences of smoking and potential benefits of quitting. Only a minority of smokers who attempt to quit seeks professional treatment, yet most of the research on smoking cessation focuses on such form of quitting. Research on self-quitting is scarce, although most smokers who successfully quit, do so on their own. Recently, research has evidenced that psychological flexibility, a core concept in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, is an important variable in predicting successful behavioral change in many clinically relevant areas. The goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between psychological flexibility and successful self-quitting from smoking. 277 participants who had attempted to quit on their own (217 successfully abstinent and 60 still smoking) provided information on their smoking history, quit attempts, nicotine dependence, and demographics, and were assessed with the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II. Abstinence status was measured through self-reports of continuous abstinence and confirmed by concentrations of expired carbon monoxide below 8 ppm. Results show a statistically significant difference (t= -8,775; p <.01) for the AAQ-II scores of successful (M= 18.39, SD= 7.76) and unsuccessful self-quitters (M= 27.17; SD= 6.88). Only 26% participants with high level of psychological inflexibility quitted successfully, compared to 94% participants with low levels of psychological inflexibility. These results show clear evidence that psychological flexibility is associated to successful self-quitting, and suggest that this variable could facilitate success in attempts to stop smoking without professional help. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed (AU)

Proyecto ANDALIES: consumo, oferta y promoción de la alimentación saludable en los centros de educación secundaria de Andalucía / ANDALIES project: consumption, offer and promotion of healthy eating habits within secondary schools in Andalusia

Introducción: El contexto escolar destaca como uno de los factores influyentes en las prácticas alimentarias de los-las adolescentes. Las prácticas de consumo alimentario durante la jornada escolar, la oferta de las cafeterías y las actividades de promoción propuestas desde los centros son objetos de atención creciente para la salud comunitaria. Objetivos: Describir las prácticas alimentarias del alumnado durante la jornada escolar; conocer la oferta de las cafeterías escolares y establecimientos periféricos; y valorar si los centros de secundaria son entornos favorecedores de una alimentación saludable. Diseño y muestra: Estudio descriptivo transversal durante los cursos 2010-2012. Unidades de muestreo: centros de secundaria públicos (95) y alumnado (8.068). Muestreo polietápico por conglomerados: selección aleatoria y estratificada por provincia y tamaño de hábitat. Elección del alumnado: muestreo sistemático de aulas. Resultados: El 77,5% del alumnado desayuna en casa: lácteo con cereal (40,9%) o ingesta líquida (29,2%); el 70,3% come algo en el centro y eligen el bocadillo de embutidos mayoritariamente. La fruta, anecdótica (2,5%) y, el zumo comercial, my frecuente (63,3%). El 75% consume chucherías siendo significativamente superior en centros con cafeterías. Las cafeterías ofertan multitud de productos desaconsejados: refrescos (97,3%), embutidos (91,8%), golosinas y fritos envasados (89%). Ausencia de control de la oferta en los centros (68,42%); solo el 28,4% de directivos conocen la ley que la regula. El 72,5% de los centros realiza promoción de la alimentación con rasgos de efemérides. El 71,5% de los centros tienen en sus alrededores comercios que abastecen al alumnado. Discusión: Encontramos una baja protección de la salud alimentaria del alumnado debido a: déficits alimentarios del alumnado; baja calidad de la oferta en cafeterías escolares y locales externos e inexistencia de actividades de promoción en los centros educativos. Por ello, la administración educativa, sanitaria y local andaluza debe asumir la responsabilidad compartida en esta materia (AU)

Introduction: The school context stands out as one of the factors influencing the food practices of adolescents. Food consumption during the school day, the cafeterias´ supply and the promotional activities proposed by the centers are objects of increasing attention to community health services. Objectives: To describe students´ eating habits during the school day; to analyze the food on offer by the cafeterias and surrounding establishments; and to assess whether secondary schools are suitable environments for the promotion of healthy eating habits. Design and sample: Cross-sectional study during 2010- 2012 courses. Sampling units: public secondary schools (95) and students (8.068). Multistage cluster sampling: random and stratified selection by province and habitat size. Selection of students: systematic sampling of classrooms. Results: 77.5% of students have breakfast at home: cereals and a dairy product (40.9%) or a liquid (29.2%); 70.3% eat something at school and most of them choose a cold meat sandwich. Fruit consumption is infrequent (2.5%) while packed juices are very common (63.3%). 75% eat sweets, the figure increasing significantly in schools with cafeterias. Cafeterias offer a large number of non-recommended products: soft drinks (97,3%), cold meats (91,8%), sweets and chips (89%). Lack of control of the products on offer is common (68.42%); only 28.4% of the managers know the law. 72.5% of the centers undertake isolated activities for the promotion of healthy eating habits. 71.5% of the centers are surrounded by shops that supply the students. Discussion: Low protection of students´ food health is evident, resulting from: students´ nutritional deficits, the low quality of the food offered by the cafeterias and the lack of activities to encourage healthy habits. For which reason, educational, health and local administrations must accept shared responsibility on this subject (AU)

[ANDALIES project: consumption, offer and promotion of healthy eating habits within secondary schools in Andalusia]. / Proyecto ANDALIES: consumo, oferta y promoción de la alimentación saludable en los centros de educación secundaria de Andalucía.

INTRODUCTION: The school context stands out as one of the factors influencing the food practices of adolescents. Food consumption during the school day, the cafeterias' supply and the promotional activities proposed by the centers are objects of increasing attention to community health services. OBJECTIVES: To describe students' eating habits during the school day; to analyze the food on offer by the cafeterias and surrounding establishments; and to assess whether secondary schools are suitable environments for the promotion of healthy eating habits. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: Cross-sectional study during 2010-2012 courses. Sampling units: public secondary schools (95) and students (8.068). Multistage cluster sampling: random and stratified selection by province and habitat size. Selection of students: systematic sampling of classrooms. RESULTS: 77.5% of students have breakfast at home: cereals and a dairy product (40.9%) or a liquid (29.2%); 70.3% eat something at school and most of them choose a cold meat sandwich. Fruit consumption is infrequent (2.5%) while packed juices are very common (63.3%). 75% eat sweets, the figure increasing significantly in schools with cafeterias. Cafeterias offer a large number of non-recommended products: soft drinks (97,3%), cold meats (91,8%), sweets and chips (89%). Lack of control of the products on offer is common (68.42%); only 28.4% of the managers know the law. 72.5% of the centers undertake isolated activities for the promotion of healthy eating habits. 71.5% of the centers are surrounded by shops that supply the students. DISCUSSION: Low protection of students' food health is evident, resulting from: students' nutritional deficits, the low quality of the food offered by the cafeterias and the lack of activities to encourage healthy habits. For which reason, educational, health and local administrations must accept shared responsibility on this subject.

Introducción. El contexto escolar destaca como uno de los factores influyentes en las prácticas alimentarias de los-las adolescentes. Las prácticas de consumo alimentario durante la jornada escolar, la oferta de las cafeterías y las actividades de promoción propuestas desde los centros son objetos de atención creciente para la salud comunitaria. Objetivos. Describir las prácticas alimentarias del alumnado durante la jornada escolar; conocer la oferta de las cafeterías escolares y establecimientos periféricos; y valorar si los centros de secundaria son entornos favorecedores de una alimentación saludable. Diseño y muestra. Estudio descriptivo transversal durante los cursos 2010-2012. Unidades de muestreo: centros de secundaria públicos (95) y alumnado (8.068). Muestreo polietápico por conglomerados: selección aleatoria y estratificada por provincia y tamaño de hábitat. Elección del alumnado: muestreo sistemático de aulas. Resultados. El 77,5% del alumnado desayuna en casa: lácteo con cereal (40,9%) o ingesta líquida (29,2%); el 70,3% come algo en el centro y eligen el bocadillo de embutidos mayoritariamente. La fruta, anecdótica (2,5%) y, el zumo comercial, my frecuente (63,3%). El 75% consume chucherías siendo significativamente superior en centros con cafeterías. Las cafeterías ofertan multitud de productos desaconsejados: refrescos (97,3%), embutidos (91,8%), golosinas y fritos envasados (89%). Ausencia de control de la oferta en los centros (68,42%); solo el 28,4% de directivos conocen la ley que la regula. El 72,5% de los centros realiza promoción de la alimentación con rasgos de efemérides. El 71,5% de los centros tienen en sus alrededores comercios que abastecen al alumnado. Discusión. Encontramos una baja protección de la salud alimentaria del alumnado debido a: déficits alimentarios del alumnado; baja calidad de la oferta en cafeterías escolares y locales externos e inexistencia de actividades de promoción en los centros educativos. Por ello, la administración educativa, sanitaria y local andaluza debe asumir la responsabilidad compartida en esta materia.

Percepción del cuidado por parte del cuidador familiar / Perception of care by family caregiver

Objetivo principal: Determinar el significado del cuidado en el cuidador familiar. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico, descriptivo, con grupo focal, 14 cuidadoras pertenecientes a la Unidad de Gestión Clínica Almería Centro. Análisis de contenido, trascripción, segmentación, codificación y clasificación en categorías del texto. Resultados principales. Categorías: tareas, valores, reconocimiento (familiar, profesional, institucional), apoyo al cuidado, medidas de mejora. Conclusión principal: En el cuidado prima la obligación moral, especialmente en caso de la mujer, escasamente reconocido, especialmente por la persona cuidada, pese a medidas adoptadas las cuidadoras reclaman más información y captación activa por parte del personal de enfermería (AU)

Objective: Determinate who means the concept of care for the family caregivers. Methods: Qualitative study, phenomenological, descriptive, with focus group, 14 family caregivers belonging to UGC Almería-Centro. Content analysis, transcription, segmentation, coding, analytical categories. Results: Categories: Tasks, values, appreciation (familiar, professional, institutional), care support, improvement measures. Conclusions: Moral obligation is very important in the care, especially in women, poorly appreciated, especially for the person cared, despite the measures taken caregivers ask for more information and active uptake by nursing staff (AU)